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Whitepaper Draft V0_1_1

Starting: 14 Apr Ending

0 days left (ends 14 May)

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This discussion is open for a limited time. Please review, comment and vote for the individual sections. You can quote certain parts of a paragraph by marking the text and open a comment.

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P54

All the measurements for the shape are given in mm. The tolerances to the measurements are to be given by the manufacturer of the transducer, however, for diameters, the upper tolerance limit should not exceed the stated reference diameter. The overall length L of the transducer is also not defined in the reference shape. It should be long enough to allow for a secure mounting, using the mounting adapters provided by the manufacturer, and to offer enough space for the transducer marking. The depiction in Figure 6.1 shows the transducer with the pressure port on the left side and the cable or connector beginning at the right side after the end of the standardized section. The sealing surface of the transducer is designed for having a sealing ring with a nominal thickness of 0.6 mm placed in front of it facing the pressure port side. The marking of the transducer shall be located in the depicted section of the transducer and applied in a way that it does not degrade when the transducer is operated or handled within its specified limits. The marking shall include the transducer model, the serial number, the measuring range, the operating temperature range, and, if applicable, hazardous environment certification markings. The transducer can exceed the standardized section but the parts after the specified length L may not interfere with transducer mounting hardware.

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P55

The second reference shape is a smaller 3.8 mm tip transducer. Similar designs are already available like Endevco’s Model 8510C [15], Kulite’s XTEH-7L190SM [16], and Piezocryst’s CP5x1 [17]. The proposed design can be seen in Figure 6.2 below.

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P56



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P57

The design is standardized from the diaphragm on the left side to the sealing surface. Everything right of the sealing surface is left to the transducer manufacturer. A clear marking of the transducer is necessary and it is recommended to include it in the section after the sealing surface. The marking shall include the transducer model, the serial number, the measuring range, the temperature range, and, if applicable, hazardous environment certification markings. As for the 9.5 mm design, the marking is to be applied in a way, that it does not degrade when the transducer is operated or handled within its specified limits.

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P58

The dimensions featured in Figure 6.2 provide the base measurements and are given in mm. The tolerances have to be given by the manufacturer. The upper tolerance limit for diameters shall not exceed the specified diameters. The design features a standard M5x0.8 thread and a tip with a diameter of 3.8 mm. The minimum clearance before the thread is 4 mm. The length of the thread can be varied by the manufacturer. The design may feature a sealing ring with a thickness of 0.6 mm attached to the sealing surface.

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P59

Outline:

This chapter shall examine best practices for electrical connections within the measurement chain. This includes the connections between transducer and signal conditioner as well as the connection to the signal processing. The connections between transducer and signal conditioner can be done for each transducer technology separately. The following example content features some considerations and currently relevant connector options between transducer and signal conditioner. The content can be used or adapted for further development.

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P60

Some users stated the desire for standardized connectors to further increase the interchangeability of transducers within test rigs and gas turbines. The development of a proposal for a standardized connector between transducers and signal conditioners could not be done yet, due to the variety of measuring technologies and application requirements. This section will present the considerations for developing a standardized connector and show commonly used connectors.

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P61

Following considerations are to be made when choosing a suitable connector or in the effort of developing standardized ones:

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P62

  • Connector layout
  • Temperature capability
  • Weight
  • Dimensions
  • Material

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P63

The connector layout needs to be done in a way that it can support all the different types of transducers. Exceptions can be made for optical transducers, where the transducer is connected to the signal processing device via a fiber-optic cable. Transducers that are connected to their respective signal processing unit via wired connections commonly need 2-4 conductors for signal output and voltage supply. Piezoelectric transducers with charge output are usually connected via two wires, the ones with voltage output via 3 wires, while piezoresistive transducers usually have 4 connections.

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P64

For connections in the close vicinity of the hot section of gas turbines or when high temperatures in the area of the connector are to be expected, the temperature capability of the connector must be considered. At the moment (January 2021) various connectors with different temperature ratings are offered by the manufacturers. Most manufacturers even offer different termination solutions for the same transducer.

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P65

Although not necessarily relevant for stationary gas turbines, keeping the weight of the connector low is also a goal. This is especially relevant for powerplants operating in aircraft. Another reason for minimizing the connector weight is the reduced wear and tear on parts due to vibration and acceleration.

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P66

The dimensions of the connectors need to be kept at a small enough size where they do not interfere with any installation size limits. However, it is also important to keep the size big enough to support reliable handling and easy installation and connection behavior. Another consideration is the ruggedness of the connector for the harsh environments it may be subjected to.

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P67

The choice of material also affects the suitability of the connector for different applications. All material used for connectors preferably is not subject to corrosion under any environmental conditions and has a large operational temperature range. The mantle of the connector should feature a high material strength to guard all connector parts within from outside mechanical stress and contamination and ensure a firm connection. Additionally, the electrical properties of any material used for the connector shall have as little interference with the measurement signal and transducer performance as possible. The pin material needs to feature good electric conductivity while the insulation and shielding material must provide excellent protection from external electric and electromagnetic influences.

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P68

The development of standardized connectors could be done for different sensing technologies separately to fit the connection requirements between transducers and their respective signal conditioning unit. Such a step has to be coordinated between manufacturers of signal conditioners and transducers. This would improve the interchangeability within one measuring technology and allow for changes within the transducer-signal conditioner pairing more easily.

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P69

This section does not apply to transducers where non-electrical properties or signals are used for the transmission between transducers and the signal conditioner. An example for such a case is the use of optical transmission.

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